http://www.readourpapers.com/index.php Free School Papers - Posting and sharing en ReadOurpapers.com http://www.readourpapers.com/sociology/attracted-to-japan-the-pull-into-japan.html Job shortages throughout Japan in the early 1900s led many of its native-born citizens to seek shelter elsewhere, with a surprisingly popular destination for these men and women being Brazil. Clearly the geographic difference alone is enough to raise one’s eyebrows, let alone the cultural differences and language barrier. Leaving one’s home and family to travel half way around the world to a country that speaks a different language is a challenge many would be unwillingly to face, but the motivating factors drawing the Japanese to South America were too great to pass up. In more recent history, changes in Japan’s economy and an increasing availability of jobs there has been causing a reversal of this initial migration, proving especially appealing to the second and third generations. I am focusing on this reverse migration, and the push-pull theory of human migration. Building on previous studies (Koichi Mori – 1992, Naoto Higuchi - 2003, 2005) analyzing the aspects of the original migration to Brazil and the second migration back to Japan, I argue that this migration was due to push-pull factors such as the increasing growth in the Japanese economy, an abundance of higher-paying jobs for Japanese-Brazilians to fulfill and a presented opportunity to return to their homeland. This paper will analyze the factors involved in the migrations occurring from the 1980s to the late 90s. The strongest pull factor presented in this paper is the actions of recruiting agencies attracting the Japanese in Brazil to work in Japan, offering much higher wages and the opportunity for a better standard of living. A push factor from Brazil came in with the economy’s inability to compete with the higher pay rate and abundance of Japan’s job openings, Japan’s economic boom outweighing Brazil’s economic situation. Another pull factor was change in the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act that established new opportunities to Japanese-Brazilians and their descendants.
In the early 1980s, some Japanese-Brazilians who migrated back to Japan believed their return to Japan would be seen as a sign of failing in Brazil, but they returned in spite of this possible opposition. The numbers of returning immigrants were much smaller in the earlier years for this reason, but changing economic factors later changed that (Table 1: Higuchi, 2005). The majority of the returning Japanese were first generation immigrants, these individuals were still seen as Japanese nationals unlike second and third generation Japanese-Brazilians (Higuchi, 2005). While the worry of shame was present, they were still welcomed back as citizens, a welcome that later immigrants found to be slightly less warm. The strongest pull factor in these individuals was the lack of friends and family in Brazil, with the return to their home in Japan more appealing than staying in Brazil to labor at whatever work they could find. Another pull factor was the recruitment of individuals by Japanese-Brazilians to work for Japanese companies.
Perhaps the strongest pull factor drawing Japanese-Brazilians back to Japan was the recruiting agencies. The agencies that opened before 1984 were basically travel agencies, performing tasks like booking flights and finding travel accommodations, even going so far as to loan money to those living in Brazil to make traveling back to Japan possible, even if it was for just a temporary stay (Mori, 1992). This loaning system is also a pull factor, making it easier to travel to Japan even if one did not have the money up front; the opportunity was still feasible if one only had to take some money on loan. These agencies were established before the revision of the Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act in 1990 (mentioned later), further demonstrating the strong pull factors at work in Japan.
In 1985, the first job advertisements caused a much more noticeable shift in the migration pattern; the pull from Japan began to overpower that coming from Brazil (Higuchi, 2005). The reason that Japanese citizens left their homes was because of the lack of. This situation had now reversed itself. While Brazil still presented opportunities, Japan’s economy was on the rise and there were an increasing number of jobs in Japan that the work force simply could not fill. Japanese companies looking for new sources of labor had found that next best thing was to hiring native Japanese citizens, hiring the descendants of the Japanese who had immigrated to Brazil for the exact same reasons. While the availability of jobs in Japan in the past had been the motivating factor pushing Japanese men and women to migrate to Brazil, Japan was now experiencing an economic boom, and a shortage of labor to go along with it (Higuchi, 2005). Japanese recruiters posted job listings in the towns in Brazil that the Japanese immigrants occupied, which was the perfect target audience. The recruiter’s actions did as intended and attracted Japanese-Brazilians back to Japan. The Liberdade district, also known as “JapanTown,” in central São Paulo, had many job listings, due to the majority of the residents being Japanese (Higuchi, 2005; Naoto Higuchi, 2003, Number 12). Recruiters acted as a strong pull factor, providing access to these better opportunities for the Japanese-Brazilians, and benefiting Japan who needed laborers to fill it’s many open positions. Recruiters quickly increased their job advertisements by 1988, increasing the number of job advertisements to more than one thousand in last six months of 1990 (Figure II – Provided by Higuchi, 2005). There was a jump in job advertisements from 1988 from around 118 advertisements to around 350 advertisements (Figure II – Provided by Higuchi, 2005). The time this great increase of advertisements occurred can be seen in Table 1 where the number of individuals entering Japan increased tremendously.
The majority of these recruiters were first generation immigrants themselves, who had previously returned to Japan and were asked by Japanese companies to bring more Japanese-Brazilians to Japan for work (Higuchi, 2005). These recruiters could connect with other Japanese people in Brazil, building a bond and offering services to get them to Japan. Japanese-Brazilians used these recruiting agencies to find them jobs when they landed in Japan so they could begin work promptly. Job opportunities such as work at the Toyota factory in Toyota City or at the Sony factory in Toyohashi city were promised by recruiters (Higuchi, 2005). Japanese-Brazilians in Japan were able to find high paying jobs at large factories in car and electronic industries with help from recruiters (Higuchi, 2005). Recruitment agencies were the center of the pull to Japan; they knew where to find jobs for the migrants, where to get plane tickets, assisted them with finding housing and were the true mediators between the two countries (Naoto Higuchi, 2003, Number 12). From a survey by Higuchi in Table 11, many of the individuals used travel agencies to get to Japan, with loans from these agencies greatly aiding many of these same individuals (Higuchi, 2005). There were 130 recruiting agencies in 1990, exhibiting great demand for labor in Japan (Naoto Higuchi, 2003, Number 12). Brokers were people who helped get the Japanese-Brazilians jobs in Japan and buy air tickets from travel agencies and worked with recruiters to find alternate jobs for migrants (Higuchi, 2005). The pull factor from recruiters was made stronger due to a developing push factor in Brazil, with the inflation rate exceeding 100% in the 1980s, jumping up to 682% in 1988 and later reaching an astonishing 1,769% in 1989 (Higuchi, 2005).
The inflation rate in Brazil was what really began pushing people out to Japan, combined with the lure of available jobs in Japan. The more obvious push factors of Brazil – it being a foreign world to the incoming Japanese, being so far away from their home and family, language barriers, cultural differences, for the Japanese, these adversities were not enough at first to prevent immigration, they were overpowered by the appeal of jobs, but once Japan’s economy righted itself it made the most sense to return home. The Plaza Accord made the exchange rate in favor the Japanese Yen and German Mark, the yen now worth double the value compared to the US dollar (Higuchi, 2005). The Plaza Accord increased the appeal of migration to Japanese-Brazilians for better opportunities and the possibility of a higher living standard. In the 1990s companies hired new labor due to labor shortages as seen in Table 6, combined with the economic status of Brazil at the time, giving the Japanese companies the advantage in receiving new labor.
Japanese companies were suffering from labor shortages, which led to debate on whether a change in policy should be made to allow migrant workers to enter Japan (Higuchi, 2005). The Immigration Control and Refugee Recognition Act (ICRRA) brought a huge increase of Japanese-Brazilians migrating into Japan (Higuchi, 2005). The changes to the ICRRA opened doors for the nikkeijin, Japanese descendants born and living abroad (Takeyuki, 2004). Japan created three legal categories for current migrants in Japan; residence, “trainee”, and “long-term resident” (Higuchi, 2005). Japan was pulling Japanese-Brazilians by creation of these new legal groups of which individuals would be part of; certain groups were allowed special work privileges or given restrictions. The status of residence brought in more skilled individuals who could work in skilled industries. The “company trainee” status gave unskilled individuals one year to work and could be extended up to three years (Higuchi, 2005; Justice, 2000). The status of “long-term resident” this allowed individuals unlimited number of times to renew their visas (Higuchi, 2005). The “long-term resident” is special and the status allowed individuals to work in any industry, unlike the “company trainee” who is at the status of a student or a mere visitor as distinguished in Table 9 (Higuchi, 2005; Morita & Sassen, 1994). This revision allowed students of post-secondary schools such as language and vocational schools to work, however they were only able to work a few hours a week, university students were excluded from this group (Morita & Sassen, 1994).
My analysis of the push-pull theory with Japanese-Brazilian migration was brought forth by previous studies (Koichi Mori – 1992, Naoto Higuchi - 2003, 2005). The research completed led to the conclusion that the most powerful push-pull factor was from the recruitment agencies giving an attractive opportunity to Japanese-Brazilians. The opportunity to earn a higher wage and a better standard of living by moving back to Japan was too attractive for those living in Brazil to pass it up. Migrating back to Japan proved beneficial not only for the people themselves but for the Japanese companies searching desperately for workers to fill their available jobs, as well as the country's economy as a whole.]]> Sociology]]> Sun, 23 Mar 2008 00:26:37 -0400 http://www.readourpapers.com/business/the-world-is-flat-after-all-excutive-summary.html
Thomas Friedman is an American writer who has a column in the New York Times. Friedman wrote a book called The World is Flat in 2005, which the “flatteners” which make the world flat are in this article. He has done numerous documentaries for the discovery channel all around the world on topics ranging from the Israeli and Palestinian conflicts, 911 and oil. Viewing the appendix you will find information on his other recent books as well as individuals quoted in this article.

General idea
Convergence of new technology – web and efficiency. In this article he discusses the convergence of all the flatteners, working together. Everything converges making communication and development around the world easier. All flatteners combined, working together gave power to new nations and allowed business around the world. All the flatteners combined in 2000, making the world a global collaborative economy. The main emphasis is on collaboration between economies.

3 Main stages of globalization:
• Globalization 1.0: Columbus era (1492-1800) –
The world isn’t as small, anything can be reached
• Globalization 2.0: Computers (1800-2000) –
New technology and the internet
• Globalization 3.0: Technology increases, Spread of technology (2000-now) –
new devices and cheaper technology making it easier for people to become part of globalization.
The 10 flatteners
1: Fall of the Berlin wall – November 11, 1989
Allowed us to change perspective on freedom, giving hope for movement around countries. Microsoft released windows 3.0 shortly after the fall of the Berlin wall. Technology was growing which worked with the next event in 1995.
2: Netscape and fiber optic cables – August 9, 1995
The web browser opened the door for the internet and WebPages full of data.
The dot-com boom which led to new fiber optic cables all around the world connecting new communities and giving them a chance to increase technology and industry.
3: Workflow software – connecting software
All software applications, standards that could connect computers together to communicate. Such as Voice over IP (VoIP) – PayPal (payment software) – Office software. Creating more efficiency.
4: Outsourcing – sending work to India to save money
India and other countries that offer low cost efficient work
5: Off shoring – Manufacturing in different countries
Becoming more efficient and collaborating with countries such as china, allowing the country to manufacture goods at lower costs.
6: Open sourcing – Collaboration
Self organizing communities, making new trains of thought, free and open. The push for better technology, software or product through peer review.
7: In-Sourcing – Partnering with companies to be more efficient
Allowing logistics to be controlled by specialized logistic companies. For example, UPS handles Toshiba laptop repairs. A person in need for a Toshiba laptop repair can take it to the UPS store and they’ll take care of it all.
8: Supply chaining – Wal-Mart –
Efficiently selling product, as in the case with Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart doesn’t make anything, they just do supply chaining. Also with Wal-Mart, their systems can tell when a product is sold and lets the manufacture know to produce more to keep products in the pipelines.
9: In-forming – New search engines and data available
Search engines such as Google allowing data to be easily found and posted for others around the world to view. A site now that involves a great deal of collaboration would be Wikipedia, allowing anyone to edit anything, and allowing everyone to moderate.
10:The steroids – new tech devices allowing data anytime anywhere.
Allows connectivity to data anywhere, via palm pilot, computer, Voice over IP etc. handheld devices that can allow you to do pretty much anything you need.



Most impacted work Friedman has contributed.
o The Lexus and the olive tree (1999) –
Story is told through hundreds of anecdotes by Friedman himself – making it personal
World is going through two struggles – the drive for prosperity and development of global economies.
o Longitudes and attitudes (2002) –
Discusses September 11, 2001 articles.
o The world is flat (2005) –
Discusses how the world has become a global economy and how efficient companies are becoming.
o Weekly column for the New York Times.

Key players in the article -
o Craig Barrett – CEO of Intel –
You don’t bring three billion people into the world economy overnight without huge consequences especially from these societies”… “with rich educational heritages” in regards to when China, India, Russia, Eastern Europe, Latin America and Central Asia joined the World Trade Organization and opening for free trade.

o Christopher Columbus – explorer -
Began the saying ‘world is round’

o Nandan Nilekani – Infosys CEO –
Located in Bangalore able to communicate with all partners via video conference – “outsourcing is just one dimension of a much more fundamental thing happening today in the world”.. “what happened over the last years is that there was a massive investment in technology, especially in the bubble era, when hundreds of millions of dollars were invested in putting broadband connectivity around the world, undersea cables, all those things.”, in regards to how communication is easier and efficient.

o Marc Andreessen - Co Founder of Netscape –
Creator of the first internet browser – “That is why I am sure the next Napster is going to come out of left field. As a bioscience becomes more computational and less about wet labs and as all the genomic data becomes easily available on the internet, at some point you will be able to design vaccines on your laptop.”, in regards to how technology is available everywhere and anyone can make the next big product.

o Dinakar Singh – Respectable hedge-fund manager on Wall Street –
Before the fiber optic boom in India – “India had no resources and no infrastructure”

o Amartya Sen – Nobel prize winning economist -
“ the Berlin wall was not only a symbol of keeping people inside Germany; it was a way of preventing a kind of global view of our future,”, bringing the first flattener.

o Craig Mundie – Chief technical officer at Microsoft –
“it is the creation of this platform, with these unique attributes, that is the truly important sustainable breakthrough that made what you call the flattening of the world possible,” in regards to convergence of the flattening factors.

o Carly Fiorina – former Hewlett-Packard CEO -
Stated that the dot com boom was just “the end of the beginning”.

o Rajesh Rao – young Indian entrepreneur -
Started an electronic game company in Bangalore who now owns the rights to Charlie Chaplin’s image for mobile computer games.

o Paul Romer – Stanford economist –
In regards to our current situation being a crisis that won’t remain quiet for a long time, ''A crisis is a terrible thing to waste.'']]> Business]]> Sat, 01 Mar 2008 19:03:17 -0500 http://www.readourpapers.com/anthropology/annotated-bibliography-native-studies.html
Bibliography:

Mihesuah, Devon A. "Indigenizing the Academy." Wicazo Sa Review (Spring 2006): 127-137.]]> Anthropology]]> Sat, 01 Mar 2008 19:01:44 -0500 http://www.readourpapers.com/anthropology/path-to-native-education.html Opinion -
Students continuing education after graduation from a tribal college tend to stay around the area, which I think is important to increase the educational levels in the community bringing a better brighter future.]]> Anthropology]]> Sat, 01 Mar 2008 19:01:06 -0500 http://www.readourpapers.com/anthropology/nas-1-study-guide.html 2. Civil rights act – 1964 – hired more minorities guidance councelors – blacks faught to get noticed
3. Indian studies – few get tenure
4. Fed $ - education – academecic content not there
5. Ethnic communities –
6. Drop out rate – real causativefactor – no academic background upon which Indian students can draw when they reach college. – don’t k now how to write. Its all about inadequate preparation. – staff needs to remedial programs.
7. Inadequate preparation. - take time working on remedial programs. Or lower standards.
8. Pressure to rush into college – not repared or inclined to.
9. Transitional programs – additional training in reading and writing English. – ge the skills to succeed in college. Haskell –
10. History and culture – programs help so they know their culture and can deal with identiy problems. Creating an Indian community on campus.
11. Scholarships and fellowships – basis of need – and academic potential. Title IV and graduate fellowships - provide funds to allow stuend to go to school and finish – students should maintain a higher standard.
12. Define goals. – encompassing all relevant knowledge and information concerning the relatinpship between American Indians an the rest of the world. Creating a relationship between fed gov and the rest of the world. – religions. Art. Music. Etc. with goals staff can turn attention to making substance of IS and not worry about procedures for mmainting a program.
13. Capable people – oonly produce a handful of good capable bright people then to do hundreds of barely educated Indian students.
Indian communities – must work with universities to make it agood contribution.
14. --- Annette jaimes
15. Russell thorton – future of IS is open and can blend into other disciplines. Or it could emerge as a discipline, unique and different.
16. American Indian studies – fuly interdisciplinary academic field – conceptual alternative to – eurocentrism in herent in the present intellecture status quo
17. Multi-cultural pluralism – contemporary higher education in the US. AIS practitioners –
18. Vine deloria jr- no one ever believed that racial minorities might have their own view point.
19. Conceptual difficulties – bound up by nature of its origins and historical setting within a number of private land grand colleges. – civilize the Indian, perspectives of European tradition at the expense of the indigenous wodlview. \
20. Thorton created colonial indoctrination – tendency within AIS which may be summed up as little more than a concentration on teaching and service activities. Not on scholarly functions of characteristic of other disciplines.
21. Glorified vo-tech – notion of AIS consitituting – through swhich students pass, punching ciurriculum tickets. En route to meeting social service career requirements is not without merit. Lack of substance
22. Indian students – lack of substance non Indian enroll –
23. Distinct and separate nations – just another minority – rather than as the distinct and separate nation implied by their treay relationships with the us gov.
24. EOP – 1960s and 70s, facilitate greater minority – access to retention in higher education.
25. Ward Churchill – the compus role of the eops. Only providing non academic services like counceling.
26. 1988 – rudderless discipoline – isolated both winithin academic and its own cultureal roots.
27. Academic curriculum – monolitch – curriculum. Focus on European conceptual modes ‘natural formation of knowledge. European is not jus the subject.. it is the object.. subject matter of investigation.
28. Developing AIS – intellectual subordination to the academic mother country of Europe derived processes and standards.
29. Educational imperialism – predominate conceptual mode – knowledge dvided into discrete content areas arranged in linear structure.
30. Subordination – quality integreity and legitimacy have been measured since its inception. – must conform to conceptual standards and methods which are patently in opposition to native American srealities and raison d’etre.
31. Conceptual standards and methods –
32. Endogenous – resell thorton describes the discipline as endogenous-. There is a steady growing practitioners have begun to come to grips of conceptual problemsd . missed directions.
33. Autonomous Indian tradition of scholarship and intellectualism - Can eventually become autonomous Indian tradition.
34. Basis for development – seventeen sates joined previously mentioned private institutions offerening university level ais propgrams. – nine American universities field programs of sufficient scope and depth were designated American Indian studies research centers.
35. 17 states – they all joined in trying to build programs – university level programs
36. AIS directory (9) –
37. U of A – working model for replication at other instiatutions – in the 70s by vine deloria jr - even different contcentrations – success of its pariticpants in breakin with the shoestring profile of ais at most institutions assembling an impressive rost of good members.
38. UCB - - comsest with generalized PHD in ethnic studies – AIS is a concentration.
39. UCLA – post doc fellowships in ais are also offered.
40. Journals – many covering AIS – northweast Indian studies at cornell, American Indian quarterly at uc b. wicazo sa review at eastern Washington uni. – combine to make broadly focused periodicals – the journal of ethnic studies.
41. Presses – no development of book publishing – ais centers at ucla and unm have tried. – uni of Oklahoma, Nebraska and Minnesota.
42. Quality ais/native scholars – matured into second generation – first gen was vine deloria, scott momaday, alphonso Ortiz, Robert Thomas, Russell thorton, buffalohead. – senior statesmen. – leslie maromon silko, ortize, Mohawk, Kenny. 80s as well. Churchill , laduke,
43. Consolidation of a disciplinary vision. – anchor the field firmly upon its own conceptual foundations working with traditions values and perspectives of its own indigenous constituency rather than the attitudinal syndrome of ruling class officials.
44. Own internal standards and criteria. – ais is assessed by its standards rather than by evaluative methods of mainstream fields.
45. Native American cconceptual mode. – to define goals as encompassing all the relevant knowledge and information concerning th erelationship between American Indians and the rest of the world. – speres of knowledge – all components or categories are mutually and perpetually informing – wheel or hoop circle of life to keeping oral traditions of peoples.
46. Indian understanding – of all possible things – without firm grasp of spiritual principles governing Indian life. . Indian philosophy cannot be appreocated without a solid appreciate of all these elements.
47. Crossroads - - future directions – by mid 90s – more or less fully assimilated into academic mainstream, reduced to a pseudoillecturual vehicle maintained for purposes of providing the appearance of ethnic diversity on campus and to exend indianvalidation.
48. Native American constituencies – inidna law resource center, national Indian youth council, law resource center, national Indian youth council, world council of indigenous peoples,. Acquire international forums. Participation in the UN – treatment of Indians in Americas – broaden the horizons of those involved.
49. Fourth or host – world composed of a multitude of distinct peoples ranging from the Indians or north and south American – Persia.. saharah.. even Europe. Sitting on top of the host world.
50. Indigenous commonality – certain things in common. Relating to the habitat which are non disruptive they allow for perpertual coexistence of humans and other organice life.
a. Fact that virtually all of the peoples in question have been conquered colonized and ulitmatly encapsulated within one or another modern nation state. – historical experiences of indigenous peoples the world over during the past five centures show in many ways overwhelming commonality
51. Inherent rights – deloria – inherent rights of each American Indian tribe to enjoy status of sovereign nations – all indigen people hold such rights.
52. Dialectical methodology – comprehensive and dialectically interactive. Compelling speech by George m frederickson’s thesis. . understand sthe Bantustans in south Africa without first studing the process of American Indian reservations were established in the us.
a. Demands the revitalized exploration of everything from traditional indigenous economis to architreture agriculture social structure kinship systems gov forsms historiography and spiritual traditions. – autonomous discipline.
53. Indigenous studies – ais is framed inside of. Shown signs of life. Ais content in a global model. aAIS must live up to its life
54. ----william Willard - -------------
55. Russell throton – definition of American Indian studies and it s evolution in academia . endogenous consideration of traditional and contemporary Indian socities located in the estern hemisphere.
56. Churchchill and hill
a. Reviewed thorton the perils of American Indian studies as one component of university ethnic or minority studies.
i. Fashionable for uni to develop minoritie studies programs to help with social issues. And are effective in there. But in educational – transparent deotin to posture and gloss at the expense of scholarily conent.
57. Programmatic flaws – concept of minority studies as a separate discipline creates aura of isolation around the dept thus established. – impossible to establish curriculr body to accompany a academic unit intended as minority studies dept. – minority studies programs are drastically understaffed. Considering the nature of the tasks assigned to them.
58. Terry Wilson – autonomous discipline – means of coordinating casual and scholarly concerns surrounding the study of AI and offer integrated research and teaching program from a uniquely AI perspective.
59. Vine deloria – similar viewpoit – IS should define their goals as encompoassing all relevant knowledge and information concerning relationships between AI and the world.
60. Patrick morris – agreement – native studies continuing – utilizing academic disciplines and methodologies to search and identify issues in the native community.
61. Annette jaimes – that AIS in the 90s should move away from seeking academic disciplinary status and move toward involvement in cglobal context of the experience of all indig people.
62. Arnold krupat – recognition of native American lilterature which would go beyond any o ht eother viewpoints to an incorporation of indig literature in American literary canon. – illuminate and interact with the terts of the dominat euroamerican culture.
63. Karl Kroeber - another directioni for literary componetnt of AIS – independent field – now has writers – dozen authors and its it.
64. Robert allen warrior – scholars need to respect integrity and continuity of American indina literature – historical and contemporary – it’s a reisstance to colonialism and to compare to other iterature of resistances.
65. Roge buffalohead - ethnic studies – Indian studies have done the spade work – communities and made people get known – keep up the activism. –
66. Kidwell - - admin and organizational problems - at berk – difficulty in finding major scholars who had advanced degrees and program directores that had faculty status – formulate research plans for alleviation of social problems – maintain student support for its indina students.
67. Uc berk - ‘just another rminority’ – develop curricula – get research plans – maintain student support.
68. Criticisms – not a legit area of concern - lack of distinct methodology that emplys unieue abstract concepts. – should be for any social science –
69. ----- Elizabeth cook-lynn
70. Dances with wolves – effectively used with subtitles the language of my real life – Indians which in the yearbefoer the Columbus quincentenial – remember who the country once belonged to –
71. Pop culture – as an instrument – of social change and intellectual puersuit is – dangerous today –
72. Helen hunt Jackson – soap opera novel romana – published a century of dishonor and second that Indian studies as an academic discipline can survive subordination to pop America.
73. 60s – mission was made clear and radicalization began for the discipline – worked for and bad against – people became directors of programs -
74. Radicalization of the academic conscoiousness – worked for us and against us – shed blood for back in the sixties – assult on the narrowminded notion that there isn’t fixed authorial and western values. Homilies
75. White mans imagination – movies – poetry and – Indians were valid from their idea – Kevin Costner –
76. Popular imagination of America and intellectual inquiery – is not because it says something real about history but b/c it says something significant about the pop culture concerning iidnians in this country -. Stillwants simple solutions – dancese with wolves dispensing the congenial implication that americna colonialist is capabe of expressios of benevolent humanism.
77. American colonialists – benevolent humanism – congenial implication
78. Federal policies – 1860s shot up AI wars bathing the northern plains with blood. Fed policies of extermination and are still in place today.
79. Genocidal policies – the making and breaking of treaties with Indians thefts of land and assassinations of native leadership.
80. Social change – murderer and murdered. Thief and victim. In Indian life this is rarely addressed and never transcended – indefensible resultant effects of the oppressors – paternalism and poverty of modern American Indian life.
81. Black hills land case – Lakota been in case since 20s – politicians in south Dakota want to take political solution even though the supreme court in 80s affirmed that the theaft by federal gov was rankl. – land reform – economic needs –
82. Economic interests – movies must make money – pop culture is ingeniune – throw backs.
83. Parameters- cultural and historical - - integreity – sober understanding of regulating and defending the parameters of that discipline paratemrs which may be either tribally specific or global or panindian.
a. Cultural – claim upon spiritual and philosophical notions embedded in language and literature and religion and mythology –
b. Historical – legal status of Indian nationhood and inidna citizenship – legal rights and political condition are dependednt.
84. Functions of the parameters – defining an alternative regime of intellectual thought, distinguishing Indian studies from anthropology and history and the social sciences and related disciplines. – regulat ethe development of the discipline in institutional settings by brining about a number of models.
a. Curriculum development – models seem to be geared toward urbanization .
b. Defensive function – traibablly described model – best – obliged to serve the traibla nation rather than the US. Own board of Indian trustees.
85. Indian studies professors – “on what terms” are we willing to go on the work in the American university systems tat have emerged from the sixties radicalization of academia.
86. Responsibility – what is my resonsibilty to my ancestors and to my grandchildren –
87. Career vs accountability – advance career by just doing slave work for universities instead of doing intellectual work for their tribes. – steele d asuza rodrigguez –
88. Token status – isolation in which we do our work hours of work and serveing on committee on campus . give lectures more than other faculty members. No time. Ned to focus,
89. Sovereign right – defend it- charge of conferring citizenship upon your own people. Possess what tribes posses. Indiansmust be in charge of intellectual development – tribally specific.
90. Western values –
91. Vine deloria – the most important question - is what I am learning useful to Indians. – is what I am teaching and writing and researching of value to the continuation of the Indian nations of America?
92. ----------a marginal voice ------ Robert allen warrior
93. Vine deloria jr – lambasted them – custer died for your sins – 1969 –
94. Arnold krupat – something different – native americanist – removed from intellectual ghetto of anthro and sociology – theoretical issues – sympathetic to naïve people –
95. American Indian literature – contemporary discussion about multiculturalism and ‘the canon’. Educational institutions in the us teach ore tan just te works of white males -
96. Authentic native American – oral stories
97. Colonization – the voice in the margin – henry Louis gates – non white critics of colonization – and intellectural imperialism – great resources for us to develop self determined American Indian reponses to the multiculturalism debate.
a. Adapting to new situations and new challenges .
98. National literature and assimilation - -sovereignity – separate political status of native nations –
99. Contemporary inidna struggles – offer a conceptual paradigm – image a vison not a polical program –
100. Orientalism – Edward Said – devastiating critique of how anthro and other apolical and pure academic research in colonial asia and other places go hand in hand with colonizers and colonized subjects and polical oppression. NEED polical sodiarity and commitment to sovereignty – not liberal sympathy
101. Jack D forbes – intellectual self determination and sovereigniy –
102. Okute – teton Sioux – animals and plants are taught by wakan tanka what they do. – teaches birds and andmials to do what they do. Each animal has to be independent – rely on itself.
103. Black hawk – leader of osakiwuk – what is right and wrong – path we believe is right – great and good spirit – we could hav done as the whites – he could have changed out opninoins – and we would have acted like the whites – white who pretend to know the right path
104. Wisdom – no grop of people anywhere has so universally valued wisdom – Indians were philiosopher people – seekers or wisdom – both for individuals and for collectivies – illectual self determination and sovereignty
105. Self determination - - all have the rights to save us from imperialism totalitarianism and materialistic destruction of our mother earth.
106. Native controlled colleges – key objectives liberation of the indigenous intelligentsia from constraints composed by dominance of European and euro north American colonial systems.
107. American Indian uni – providing special training for future tribal leaders – lack of Indian historicans – allowed white to get int here with their point of view-
108. Cultural intellectual center- Indian community is read for a renaissance – rebirth needs culture and intellectual center – breathe new life
109. Liberation – spoke strong about self dtermination and decolonization – intellectual self determination as a polical and economic liberation .
110. Dq university – empower and strengthen traditionalist intelligentsia already existing at the grass roots level - train young people to return to communities and lead the intellectual and creative struggle for liberation.
111. Elders – serve on board – series of publications sketched out plans for intellectual decolonization – dissemination of ideas through all forms of media .
112. Native intelligentsia – not controlled by powerful individuals and institutions lie the Smithsonian
113. Native faculty – interation between communites and intellectuals – cannot function effectively if it is imprisioned .
114. Native journals – gatherings, wicazo sa review – indigenous direction – emerging group of native dramatists –
115. Autonomy – greek – self and law – existing independly of no gov.
116. Robert allen warrior – intellectual sovereignty – struggle of sovereignty – anything it is a way oflife.
a. State we achieve through steady struggle for self determination – move toward self governance and self direction
117. Lenape Delaware confederacy – dispersal of polical authority – land use rights andother areas – friends of each other – bore kin relationships with man other peoles – Shawnee and mahikani and the Nanticoke. – grandfathers – supremacy
118. Supremacy – all reations were essentially consensual and – possessed fundamental rights of self determination –
119. Tribal sovernignty – us is supreme over natives.. dumb ideas. – supremacy is hierarchical – soveriengy sites on top ofindigenous soverigny and tribal members are down t the bottom. ------ doubled edged sword – used against and for.. native common law – self determination – intellectual sovereignty – suprme over our own lives
120. Northridge – proposal was politically premature - - borders of the us could never serve as intellectual borders for new field of study –
121. Border crossing – Canadian border – movement of tribes –
122. International boundaries – less significant – Mexicans moving around – other tribes.. etc.
123. CG turners – studying teeth – groupings of polical implications – dental from china – sinodonty – we areamerican sinodonts – Eskimo – na dene and amerind.
124. Joseph Greenberg – used a unique methodology to lump some two hungdred separate American lang families together – three giant gropings –
125. Americology – anative American studies – train new gen of these people – familary with metodoligcal tools and stuff. Fokloric and ethnographpic material. – know the Muskogee lang and know stuff – cultivate a respect for native American values – traditions. Etc.
126. Native studies – oblication to expand subject area to embrace coursework focused on languages archaeology and art.. – evolve int comprehensive discipline whose responsibility embraces all aspects of indigenous life and history
127. European sources – must challenge them – textual critisim – challenge jon smith and his accounts – misinformation.
128. Ethnographic works – challenge them – anthropologiest synthesized information from several informants and anon and undiscussed. Evaluate relabilty – and abilty to tell stories from one persont o another and seeing the differences
129. Indigegnous languages - - much harm is being done – by non native linguists – record the exact speech of particular community for scientific analysis - - animate and inanimate categroesi – kumbako – leaf – inanimate – hittuk – tree – is animate category.
130. -------------- - Africa and Eurasia –
131. 1993 – indig people mainted 12 of the land on this planet –
132. Africa – no demographic gov – nomadic –
133. Tanzania – peoples alnds are being expropriated by commercial wheat production. Forced off at gunpoint without compensation. Removal of the baribaigs – 30,000 of them – considered as primitive people- ‘aid’ schemes by develop countries such as Canada.
134. Deforestation – highest deforestation in Africa. 16 percent were destroyed between 80-90s. 40 percent of original size –
135. Commercial charcoal production and paching – game reserves – shooting animals.
136. Civil war – European retain control. – angola – 100000 dead and 750k refugees – victory left with bitter ethnic rivalries.
137. Soviets and Americans – arming of tribal peoples in Ethiopia and Somalia – catastrophic famines -. Arming bushmen ofnamibia.
138. Russian federacy – sthe largest stil. Isolated.
139. India – hundreds tribal groups – naga people getting killed. – narmada valley.
140. Bangledesh - war against indig people in the hittagon hill tracts ..100k soldiers messed with jumma villagers – fled to india as refugees.
141. Tibet genocidal – Tibet will remain Chinese empire – banning of Tibetan culture and importation of millions of Chinese settlers.
142. Burma – 50 yr war aginst arakan Karen, chin and other indigenous peoples –
143. United nations – lack of active support – continuing struggle by nation states to defend their arbitrary boundaries.
144. Indig living in their boundaries viewed as obstacle – land is imporatnat – greater economic needs tof thenation state as a whole. – holding everything up. Cilvilzation –
145. --- moringe parkipuny –
a. Kipoc Africa – masai and bemba together – 1993- indig year
b. Masai - split between germany and Britain – colonial states assigned to Tanganyika.
146. – gaer –
a. Russia small people – thirty fourt In European and asian parts of Russia - . 440,000k people 17 percent of are living nomadic lyricstyle.
b. Disappearing – biological resources –
c. National hard currency fund. – resources of the terrirotires inhabited by indig people formed – 30 percent of all hard currency earnings. Nickel, timber, cellulose. Etc.
d. International league of smaller peoples. – 1992- principles of sovereign equality of all its members – settlement of emerging conflicts only by peaceful means and communities rendering collective assistance to each other.
i. Studying economic political and cultural problems under the rpresent and often obscene conditions
e. United nations charter – the int leage is reviewed by the chater – small groups welcomed.
f. 1993 – yearof the world –
g. Legistlative acts defining a specific term for eual status of smaller peoples.
h. Governmental decisions –
i. Civilized development – common work and striving.
147. Giichi nomura –
a. Ainu – formed a society – culture in hokaido, te kuril islands – and southern Sakhalin from time immemorial. . up til 1986 a mere six years ago. The gov of japan denied even our very existence inits proud claim tht japan alone in the world is a mono-ethnic nation.
b. Ainu people - gov eyes people not to be admitted – not a ghost –
c. Development project – Hokkaido kaitaku – large scale colonization –forced to become part of Japanese nation – traditional territory was carved up. Forced relocations.
d. Assimiliation – forced moving – ainu lang was banned and our traditional culture was denied. Ainu peole. Became object of oppression, exploitation
e. December 10 - human rights day – f45 yrs sicne the adoption of the universal declaration of human rights. Rightly commemorated by allmankind.
f. Ainu request that the un move rapily to set int standards that guarantee rights of indig peoles against various forms of ethnocide.
g. Interrelated community – global community – partnership –
148. ----- seurujarvi – kari
149. Nordic saaml – council – represents sammi nation of finland, Norway, Sweden, and Russia –
150. Ilo convention No 169 – ratified by several countires – Norway –
151. Labor conference of 1989 – with indig people and tribes –
152. Un – addressing the situation – commission on human rights. Subcommission the treaty implementation bodies and various seminars and workshops –
153. UN working group on indig populations – leadership p of madam Erica daes. Drafting declaration on the rights and freedoms of indig peoples. Keep it open and accessible should be uninterrupted until meaningful and substantive standards emerge.
154. Links are reflected in the work of groups
155. ---south America –
156. Central and south amercia – 500 indian nationalities – hundreds of native languages – 40 mil indig people live in this area.
157. Caribbean – pizzaro who conquered the inca pempire – invasion of explorers and conquistadors.
158. Guatemala 81 and 83- pacification – programs of the Guatemalan dictator gen efrain rios montee almost 1 mil mayas were forcilbly displaced many of them into model villages.
159. 20,000 indians werekileld and 250 destroyed – model villages – were concentration camps.
160. Nicaragua – miskito Indians - ignored under repressive regime of general anastasio Somoza debayle. Sandanistas and the US.
161. Missionaries – toba maskoy people barren chao desert –
162. Rebels – 9 million – cheap labor and beaten .
163. Moiset rebels – the shining path – unmatched mercilies and killing sprees.
164. CONAIE – confederation of edcuador – polical forces
165. --------------Marcial aries Garcia –
166. Continental coordinating – problems of our people should be accorded with the same prominaence as other problems being considered. Solution to problems –
167. Convention no 169 – of the ilo – recognizes some of our ancestral rights –
168. Commission on human rights – intellectual property rights of indig people
169. Voluntary fund – significant donations – implemented assure direct participation in the management of these projectsby indig peoples and orgs.
170. Working group – on indig opopuations – after 10 years – not been approved. Part due to interests that colonial gov have in ignoring the indig peoples.
171. -----Uliani – noeli pocaterra –
172. Wayuu indig person from Venezuela – national Indian council of Venezuela
173. Western culture – family of mankind and holds family as a basic unit. Indig people are not included.
174. Western science – cannot ignore mother earth and the cosmos - - to preserve the future and has become the best instrument to destroy the future – through advances in tech – use of resources and property. Must challenge western science.
175. ILO – 169 – ratified by all latin America – first quarter of 1993- willingness to listen to the indig peoples by adopting the only instrument which is available to us so fra under int law. Determine priorities in accordance with the needs of every region of the country and inaccordance with every people or nation.
176. Progressive expropriation – of their lands and territories. Sustain the basic balce of life.
177. ----davi yanomami – brazil
178. 1991- received by secretary general Javier perez de vuellar. Explained agression of m people were suffering. –wrote to help.
179. 1992 – earth summit held in rio de janeiro – ratification also by pres color of ouor 96k reserve. – create single reserve for them.
180. FUNAI – Brazilian gov Indian agency – with fed police.
181. Garimpeiros – invaders gold miners. Invading lands and stuff. Ferryboats brinigng them over the calaburi river. And flying over the lands.
182. Malana –
183. 1987-91 – malaria thing. Promised to help no help.
184. Itamar franco - - preseitent that didn’t help with the malaria
185. Secretary general – Boutros ghali- ask to send help – un guy. To investigate the garimpeiros.
186. Int labor org – help poele –
187. Omam – creator of the yanomami – creator of the shaboris – whoare shamans. – stop the destruction.. stop taking minsterals from under the ground. Stop building raods through forests.
188. Shaboris – deliver miessage – true knowledge.
189. --- hughs –
190. Bryce cooper – NIWA – national institute of water and atmosphereic research - traditional uses of the river – and its margins for – have been damaged by the activities of the ueropean settlers –
191. Collective ownership - - privately owned is anathema to indig peoples - must share – do not grab more than your fair share –
192. Ayllu – everyone had access to the land. –
193. Kumri – allowd them to manage tivation called kumri – manage communally held land in the ecologically sound way -. – british banned it.
194. Colonial – European powers took advantage of the fact that most ethnic groups did not own the land so they took it calling it vacant - still reqeuesting ownership of their own land
195. Spiritual realms – entwined – everything is connected – more grounded than others.
196. Cosmetic unit – embraces all humans – must live in harmony – connects everyone –
197. Shamans – meditate between peole and spirit beings – must show repect. Rules about hunting and eating.
198. Sacred custodians –
199. Siberian reindeer herders – must not whistle sing or makenoise when you are out in the wild – might offend the spirits who own it.
200. Damara herders – nambia – silent when getting wild foods – to respect daead.
201. Naga - supreme god and earth spirits which have different functions. Goddess of corps and wealth.
202. Maori- te kore or total darkness – no life just potential.
203. Earth mother – paptuanuku – and the sky father – ranginui- locked in the embrce that shut out all light and prevented anything growing.
204. The son – tane mahuta –god of the forests got between earth and sky - - made first human being from clay mother – slept with her andmde a daughter – hinetitama –
205. Eco-rituals – women sacred custodians of wearth – give new life –
206. Urbanized indig peoples – link to land. Live in towns and cities –
207. Land loss – many problem – environment and identiy –
208. National society – women are vunerable – soliders police. Etc.
209. Community leaders losing land –
210. Exploitation of land – some lived by only owning land of no value – butnow people are spreading –
211. Tanzania – wheat program – Canada getting acrews for wheat farms – in 1970. Took over 12 percent of hanang district where thebarabaig live.
212. Muhajega – ninedifferent grass and herbs. The baragaig lost all their muhajega.
213. 1994- Tanzanian gov violations of human rights in thwe wheat farming areas. Not made public –
214. Bufferzones – rich resources coveted by trnasnatioal corps and war isbeing fought over the rights to those resources –
215. New wrld order – impacting karamojong pastoralists. Repressive against them. Need guns to ward off cattle raiders.
216. Eco-tourism –
217. 2002 – elders performed ritual curse against soliders beating torturing looting. Etc.
218. Negative portrayal in culture – quality journalism – racism – jokes.
219. Movies use them as exotic tsuff –
220. Slaver y – trafficking bonded forced labor – due to poverty – vulnerable to be enslaved.
221. Southern sudan – women and children enslaved – dinka ethnic group –
222.]]> Anthropology]]> Sat, 01 Mar 2008 19:00:30 -0500 http://www.readourpapers.com/sociology/the-dissimilarity-of-human-trafficking-and-smuggling.html Often human trafficking includes aspects similar to smuggling, one aspect being the complex system required to operate the outfit. The system which operates these smuggling and trafficking organizations involves a hierarchy of people (Lecture 10, February 7). The top levels of management are rarely known to the lower levels in the chain. This individual or company sits in the back while others do the dirty work. This position contracts work to a recruiter who will handle the transportation arrangements. The recruiter position handles directly with the smuggled or trafficked individuals. Other positions include debt collectors, which are often violent and forceful, sometimes groups which are paid by each person they get the money out of. Government officials are often part of this system in which they offer services to ease the migration into a country, for example creating forged documents or legal documents for illegal immigrants (Lecture 10, February 7). The complex systems of smuggling and trafficking humans involves many people, often said to be ran by large organized crime groups such as the Russian Mafia (Finckenauer 2001, 175). With connections with political personalities and control over local gangs, the mafia would be able to hide individuals in safe houses and hire others to do the dirty work while reaping the rewards. Through complex systems like this, smuggling and trafficking is a very profitable business (Finckenauer 2001, 179).
Depending on how efficient the operation is, trafficking is said to be a $10billion a year business (Dying to Leave, 2002). Henry zheng who was smuggled to the United States from China paid $25,000 which led him to debt (Dying to Leave, 2002). According to the film Dying to Leave, costs to get to the USA from China is around $60,000 to the smuggled, allowing the smugglers to make a net profit of around $48,000 (Dying to Leave, 2002). Due to the force and deception human trafficking profit margin is much larger; organizations can make $150 million for bringing 7,000 people across the Mexican border (Finckenauer 2001, 173). With profit of these sorts the organization that run the operations are surely to create new means of transporting, recruiting and in some cases exploiting individuals to continue high profit margins.
While both activities break laws, only trafficking dehumanizes people (Dying to Leave, 2002). Though both smuggling and trafficking are unlawful a difference between the two is that trafficking is a human rights issue and smuggling is a migration issue (Lecture 10, February 7). Human Trafficking coercion demeans the individual violating the individual’s human rights. Smuggling, being a migration issue doesn’t have use of coercion, international migration laws in place to keep that individual out.
Human trafficking uses deception for a number of reasons, one being to be perceived as an opportunity to the individual, a hope for a better life (Dying to leave, 2002). When individuals are smuggled, they are not deceived, they know where they are going, and arrive there (Dying to leave, 2002). This was not the case with Nina Matveyenko who wanted to go to Italy for a better life and had heard about someone who could help her get there. The person deceived Nina and she was trafficked as a sex slave for three years (Dying to leave, 2002). With cases such as Nina’s, deception leaves the individual open to becoming a trafficking victim.
In the process of human trafficking, individuals are the victims, in the process of human smuggling; the victim can be seen as the country, not the individual. When an individual is part of trafficking, they are clearly the victim due to the force and abuse involved. According to the Dawn News service, in the cases with organized crime rings, smuggled individuals from Bangkok become sex workers in North America or Europe (Finckenauer 2001, 173). Smuggling and trafficking do not compare on this level as the victim are different in both scenarios.
Trafficking can lead to slavery, one kind of slavery becoming a sexual slave (Finckenauer 2001, 177). For women, becoming a sex slave who is usually sold or traded. Men are sometimes slaves to work hard labor. Other times they are forced to carry illegal drugs (Finckenauer 2001, 177). Prostitution in Greece landed policemen arrested due to their role in masterminding a trafficking ring for women, making them into sex slaves (Finckenauer 2001, 177). Not only were the women deceived by policemen, they were forced to become sexual slaves, dehumanizing them and exploiting them.
These similarities and differences between human smuggling and trafficking establish that the two processes are more different than alike. As turning an individual into a slave or victim becomes apparent dehumanization of the individual has taken place, thus making it a trafficking issue. Though they both have a complex structure and deal with large amounts of money, the differences come when the treatment and expectations of the individual is studied.

Works Cited
Chin, K.-L. (2001). The Social Organization of CHinese Human Smuggling.
Dying to Leave (2002). [Motion Picture].
Finckenauer, J. (2001). Russian Transnational Organized Crime and Human Smuggling.
Lecture 10. (2008, February 7).
Spencer, D. (2001). Smuggling Migrants through South Texas.]]> Sociology]]> Sat, 01 Mar 2008 18:56:59 -0500 http://www.readourpapers.com/sociology/japan-the-push-and-pull-country.html Japanese families rely on bettering their lives of their children. First hundreds of
First 791 Japanese people came to Brazil in 1908, which makes it 100 years since the first migration to Brazil (Amemiya, 1998). These migrants were “contract immigrants” meaning they were bound by contract to work on certain plantations (Amemiya, 1998). The other type of immigrants from Japan were free immigrants who were moving to a new land with opportunity. The opportunity they found was to work in the agricultural sector. The push came from Japan, due to their farming sector failing due to the new modern industries. Brazil was in need of more labor due to new industrial sectors drawing most of the labor.
Pushed out from the home country and landed in a tropical country.
It comes down to corporations in need of cheap labor for their factories. This cheap labor comes from foreigners, foreigners who were advertised about a job listing through a friend or recruiters (Naoto Higuchi, 2003).
Being pulled back into Japan was needed due to the new kills and jobs needed in modern Japan. These opportunities are what the Japanese-Brazilians are looking for. Many job advertisements were placed in Japanese newspapers in Brazil. First the advertisements were around 100 in 1987, then to more than 1000 in 1990. (Naoto Higuchi, 2003). These advertisements could have been brought on by the Japanese government allowing easy entrance into Japan if they’re considered foreign workers. Trade between Japan and Brazil exceeding $2,903 million in exports and imports of $2,610 million, the two countries work together in many commerce sectors.
Japanese Brazilians migrating to Japan find discrimination and hardships put upon them. People are attracted to the surplus of industrial jobs, jobs which pay ten times more than their current wage (Tsuda, Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland, 2003).
Estimated there are 280,000 Japanese-Brazilians living in Japan. (Tsuda, Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland, 2003).
A nikkeijin is a “Japanese descendant born and living outside Japan” (Tsuda, Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland, 2003).
Strong, hard working Japanese-Brazilian farm workers migrating to Japan brings the fulfillment of jobs in the less skilled sectors. The Japanese-Brazilians would take the jobs no other Japanese would want to take, which could create clashes and creation of a hierarchical setup. These Japanese-Brazilians take these jobs because the pay is significantly more than the wages in Brazil.
Bibliography
Amemiya, K. K. (1998, May). Being "Japanese" in Brazil and Okinawa. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from Japan Policy Research Institute: http://www.jpri.org/publications/occasionalpapers/op13.html
Demography, Immigration Background, Difficulties with Living in Japan, and Psychological Distress among Japanese Brazilians in Japan. (2006). Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health , 325-338.
Japan-Brazil Relations. (2008, January). Retrieved January 27, 2008, from The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/brazil/index.html
Luck, K. (2008, January 10). Lecture 2. Push Pull theory .
Naoto Higuchi, K. T. (2003). What's Driving Brazil-Japan Migration? The Making and Remaking of the Brazilian Niche in Japan. International Journal of Japanese Sociology , 33-47.
Tsuda, T. (2004, January 24). Japanese Brazilian Return Migration and the Making of Japan's Newest Immigrant Minority. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from UCLA International Institute: http://www.international.ucla.edu/article.asp?parentid=6996
Tsuda, T. (2004, April). No place to call home: Japanese Brazilians discover they are foreigners in the country of their ancestors. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from BNET.Com - Natural History: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_3_113/ai_n5990766/print
Tsuda, T. (2003). Strangers in the Ethnic Homeland. New York: Columbia University Press.
United Nations Secretariat. (2005, June 27). UNITED NATIONS EXPERT GROUP MEETING ON INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT. Retrieved January 27, 2008, from United Nations: http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/ittmigdev2005/P07-iguchi.pdf]]> Sociology]]> Sat, 01 Mar 2008 18:55:04 -0500 http://www.readourpapers.com/business/marketing-class-nugget-market-biz-plan.html The Service
Nugget Market can soon provide customers with a number of solutions when it comes to groceries. For those who do not wish to travel from aisle to aisle searching for items, standing in line, or are simply unable to make the trip, The Nugget Market may provide a time and energy saving alternative by bringing the groceries to directly to the customer’s home.
Our delivery service aims to maintain the same quality and low prices that The Nugget Market has thrived upon since its foundation in 1926. With quality products and low prices in mind, we will delivery grocery goods from the hours of 7pm to 7am, as a means to simplify the lives of certain customers. From the hours of 7pm to 7 am, The store to the door service will make sure deliveries are carried out to customers within an hour of the order. The customer will be able to choose from an extensive list of groceries including fresh produce, meats, packaged foods, frozen goods, as well as pre-made deli items and ready- to- eat meal selections. We will also provide meal solutions by creating dinner packages, which will include all ingredients and cooking instructions delivered to the customer’s front door. Entertainment packages will also be available and would include items such as popcorn, candies, soda, and a movie.
Nugget Market will also provide items from the “Healthy Living Department” including vitamins, herbs, and supplements, as well as bath and body products and any other products that Nugget Market has to offer. Customers have access to almost every grocery item they could possibly want.
Demographic
Our primary target buyer will be students and the elderly. The “student population” consists of those who are between the ages of 15-24 and living within the City of Davis. “The elderly population” is classified as those over the age of 60 and living within the City of Davis. These two groups combined make up roughly 48% of the Davis population According to the 2000 Census, The City of Davis consists a “student population” of about 34.2 %( 20,609) and an “elderly population” of about 8.9 %( 5,317). It is also important to note that most of 30,000 students attending the University are not accounted for as they are not considered permanent residents.
Consumers between the ages of 15-24 are likely to use our service due to a number of constraining variables. Variables include the lack of transportation, busy schedules, and in many cases, a general loathing of grocery shopping. Within this age group, especially first-year university students who are confined to dormitory life, both snacking and dining options are limited. The delivery service provides the student with options ranging from home-style meals, healthier dining, and also provides delivery of staple items such as milk, cereal, fruit, etc.
The late night operation hours are keen to the appetent needs of students. Whether it occurs after a night on the town, or during an intensive study session, students are likely to turn to fast foods and pizza during late night hours. Our operation provides healthier alternatives to the otherwise precarious late night binge by providing sandwiches, soups, salads, and a number of other items from the deli or grocery shelves. For those who are not as health conscious, items such as microwavable goods, ice cream, and sodas are accessible as well.
Although smaller in relative total population, the “elderly population” is projected to be a much more consistent and affluent customer than the student population. Through our service we are able to better the lives of those who are disabled, immobile, and those in nursing care. The delivery service will not only provide groceries, but other items such as over-the-counter drugs, and other medically related products. There is also the future possibility of prescription drug delivery.
Advertising
Because, The Nugget Market is an already established business, many resources are available to promote the new delivery service. Within the two store locations in Davis, flyers and banners will be placed near the cash registers, deli, store entrance, and throughout the store. The printed sales receipts will also provide exposure to the service. The Nugget currently sends out mailers to a majority of the residents in the City of Davis. An additional mailer will be sent, or information regarding the service will be incorporated into the current mailers. .
Focusing on the target markets, The Nugget will implement print advertising methods to reach more potential consumers. For the “student population,” heavy advertising campaigns will include specialized mailers mailed specifically to dormitory mail boxes, student housing units, apartment complexes with a high concentration of student tenants, and to fraternity and sorority mail boxes. These flyers will advertise the unique delivery service and how it will cater to the specific needs of college students. Flyers will also be posted throughout the Freshman Dorm area for further exposure of the service. Currently, the campus allows flyers to be posted in the main hall of the Dormitory Service Areas (where students come to get mail, packages, take out equipment, tutoring services, etc…), in the main entrance of dinning commons, and on the bulletin boards found in the main lecture halls on campus.
At the beginning and end of every quarter, we plan to hire freelance employees to pass out leaflets in front of the dinning commons and the Shields Library on campus, further increasing exposure. In addition, commercial advertisements the local radio station, KDVS, will also increase exposure of the Nugget Market delivery service.
Running an advertisement in the in the California Aggie (the University’s daily newspaper), is very cheap and will reach a large number of student readers. The Nugget will run heavy advertisements at the beginning of the quarter, and during the final exam period, enticing both the kids who stay out late or those who are up late studying to use the service.
Nugget Market will also advertise the delivery service through www.facebook.com, www.daviswiki.com, and through university list serves, all to promote and increase exposure to the delivery service. These sites will provide a direct link to the delivery service website. These sites will also create viral marketing campaigns which will build the Nugget Market brand and get the visitors interested in the service. Through www.facebook.com alone, we can target by age, sex, interests, political views, relationship status, major and location.
Similarly advertisements directed to the “elderly population” would be conducted through flyers. Local retirement communities and senior centers will be the focus of the advertisement campaign. Once again mailers will be sent throughout the retirement community. The mailers may vary from those sent to the “student population,” as they are aimed at a different demographic. These ads would need to emphasis convenience, reliability, and greater details into the services provided (i.e. over-the-counter drugs).
In addition to the advertisement campaign, we must recognize that Davis is a fairly small community, and that word of mouth is very significant. We must strive uphold the quality of service that is synonymous with The Nugget. All advertising and promotion methods will be in accordance to the ______ regulations, and comply with the Universities regulations.
Implementation








Parents of these students may also utilize the Nugget delivery service by setting up an account with Nugget Market’s Pre-Paid Debit Card service to provide their kids grocery money, and make sure that they are putting that money towards healthy eating, rather than constantly eating junk food all of the time, or spending it on other items. The consumer can also directly put money on the Pre-Paid Debit Card themselves.

Nugget Market will first introduce the delivery service to the City of Davis through the Covell Boulevard location. This is the larger market located in the city and more centrally located to the target consumers


Nugget Market will offer various methods of payment. These will appeal to each age group and demographic. The use of cash or credit cards will be accepted. Nugget will also offer a Pre-Paid Debit Card which can be reloaded by the consumers or even their parents as their monthly food allowance. At each delivery, the customer will receive a Nugget Market receipt.



Nugget Markets delivery service online will be highly beneficial for consumers allowing them to purchase products quickly and exactly what the customer wants, without hassle. All methods of advertising will point our customers to the Nugget Market website, which will have a link to the delivery service. On the website, there will be a full list of grocery items that are available to purchase. Topics of items will be sectioned off into different categories. Within each category, there will be check-boxes and quantity spaces for each item, making the selection of items very convenient. There will also be photographs of the available groceries, making the selection of the exact good someone wants exact. The website will also have “Paypal” as the standard payment method, unless the customer wishes to pay through their Pre-Paid Debit Card or in cash. Comments and suggestions will also be welcome as a form of feedback from our customers.

Customer will also be able to phone in orders for those who do not have access to a computer or internet, or do not know how to work a computer. Customers will give the item number to the order-receiver. Through the option of phone order, all ages can utilize the delivery service.
Nugget Market Delivery Service is anticipating that the average customer will use our service at least twice a month. The initial demand for our service will not be very large, but will grow over time.

The total costs for this service is fairly low. Because Nugget Market is an established business, we can utilize their current resources. Initial start-up costs for our service include advertising, website improvement, hiring costs, uniforms, permits, telephone and individual line, computer, and communication devices for in and out of store. Our running costs include employee salary, gas, and a slightly higher utility bill.

DELIVERY – employees, liabilities…

In comparison to other major grocery companies, Nugget Market has a relatively small market share. However, Nugget Market plans to grow its market share by expanding the online market strategy to the local level. Our brand will strengthen the already present Nugget Market brand by providing quick quality delivery service to Davis residents and an affordable price.
As a quality delivery service, Nugget Market Delivery Service has very little competition that can truly compare to our specialty service. Safeway is one company that provides direct competition to the Nugget Market delivery service. Safeway provides a delivery service similar to Nugget Market’s in which they deliver groceries. However, Nugget Market’s Delivery Service is much more prompt and more cost effective. Safeway’s service will deliver your groceries in a day or two by a large sized truck with a two or four hour time period, depending on how much you’d like to pay for delivery. Delivery charges are usually around $10-$20. Safeway’s service makes it difficult to have a personal relationship between the delivery person and the customer due to time constraints. Nugget Market has delivery employees that are friendly and considerate of their customers.
Another similar competitor is an online website called CampusFood.com. CampusFood.com acts as the mediator between the end user and the supplier. They provide an easy to use website which will allow anyone to purchase food from the local restaurants around the college campus and have it delivered. Companies that work with CampusFood.com must provide their own delivery method; they just take the orders and notify the restaurant of that order.
The Nugget Delivery service will provide delivery of goods within the hour (not days) of its order. We will pick out goods directly from store locations (not warehouses), and utilize small vans (not large and expensive truck trailers or semi-trucks) for our operation. We will make sure that the utmost quality goods are delivered, as if they were picked up by the customers themselves (pertaining to meat, and produce). Our operation will still be priced at competitively to that of Safeway while providing a much more personal service. Working locally will allow our delivery personal to develop relationships with clients, building trust in our service and employees. Our costs will be significantly lower than that of Safeway's operation. We do not have to hire truck drivers, travel long distances, or deal with large scale warehouses. Our service is unique and can be utilized in many ways.
It is very possible that Safeway and other Grocers will adopt the within-the-hour delivery. New competition will have a high cost of entry. The competition would need to hire more workers, purchase vehicles, insurance and other permits. Most of their entry costs will deal with disassembly their old operation system.


MOVING PRODUCT WHILE OTHERWISE IT WOULD BE SITTING ON THE SHELF]]> Business]]> Sat, 01 Mar 2008 18:54:10 -0500 http://www.readourpapers.com/articles/the-cause-and-effact-of-unclean-fast-food-restaurants.html

The Causes and Effect of Unclean Fast Food Restaurants
When you take a bite out of a fast food hamburger, do you ever stop to think about what has gone into the preparation of it? Most people don’t think about how clean restaurants are because the food tastes good, usually on the out side it appears to be clean. However, the truth is that almost all fast food restaurants are not. According to a New York Times article by Ray Rivera “… most fast food restaurants have more than five critical violations.” Almost all of these critical violations you do not see. Critical violations are the most dangerous ones to our health. Dirty restaurants are caused by inadequate laws and regulations and the consequences are resulting in serious illnesse
Millions of people go to fast food restaurants every day and never get sick, while for the ten thousand out of the million that do get sick or find some horrifying object in their food, they never forget it. For example according to an article on MSNBSC.com, after Gianni Velotta eat at a Colorado K.F.C., he was infected with a deadly form of the salmonella bacteria, he almost died. His mother Natalie Velotta says, “If I would have known that they had several health violations, I would not have eaten there.” Other examples of less extreme cases are, “In a Wendy’s in Chicago, inspectors found dead rodent decomposing on a rat trap. At a California Taco Bell, some one bit into a taco, only to find chewing gum. An inspector in Texas found a worm in a Wendy’s salad. The list goes on, such as cockroach in some one’s soda.” Although these types of things do not happen to everyone, they happen more than they should.
Something we don’t usually talk about much, is what our Food and Drug Administration is doing about the health problems found in our fast food restaurants. The food and drug administration says that the problem is caused by a lack of inspectors; they only have enough inspectors to examine restaurants every sixteen months. People have debated that, saying that this it is the law that the F.D.A has in place. Other people question why health inspectors give restaurants a passing grade when clearly there are major health violations. Health Commissioner Thomas Frieden said “the city’s failure to immediately shut the Greenwich Village KFC/Taco Bell after learning of the rat problem was unacceptable,” the inspector who conducted the review was suspended. It was also found that health inspectors in Utah “do not inspect eateries as often as mandated by state,” tight budgets that prevent the hiring of enough inspectors are blamed, according to an article in the Dessert Morning News.
As a result of the apathetic regulations of the FDA and governing fast food restaurants, more people will get seriously sick if these regulations are not changed. According to an article from Pagewise, written by Vanessa Zanella “fast food is convenient but not always clean. Every establishment should go above and beyond the norm to ensure that food is properly handled.” The average person does not know if a restaurant has failed inspection, unless you request that information through state-open record laws. In order to make restaurants more responsible I think there should be a law that allows restaurants grades to be posted in the restaurants so customers will be informed. The responsibility lies both with the consumers and the restaurants. I think more heavily with the restaurants since customers are not only paying for their meal but for their service.


Bibliography
1. “Associated Press”, Wasingtontimes.com, March 9, 2007
2. Davidson, Lee. “How Clean is Your Fast Food Restaurant?” Redorbit.com March 9, 2007
3. “Dirty Dining?” msnbc.com, March 9, 2007
4. “Officials Say More Inspectors Need to Keep Restaurants Clean” nbc10.com, March 9, 2007
5. Horovitz, Bruce. “More Americans Clean Their Plates of ‘bad’ food” usatoday.com, March 9,2007
6. Rivera, Ray. “13 More Food Restaurants Are Shut Down After Rat Video” March 9, 2007
7. Silver, Caleb. “Taco Bell Rats Are Stars For A Day” cnnmoney.com, March 9, 2007
8. Thompson, Lea. “Dirty Dining: Fast Food Chain” msnbc.com, March, 9 2007
9. Zanella, Vanessa. “How Clean is Your Fast Food Restaurants?” iaia.essortment.com, March
9, 2007]]> Articles]]> Thu, 15 Nov 2007 21:50:12 -0500 http://www.readourpapers.com/poetry/miss-you-my-friend.html
I MISS THE MOMENTS WE HAD

I MISS THE CHAIR WE SHARED

I MISS THE LAUGH WE HAD

I MISS THE CLASS WE HAD

I MISS THE TIME WE HAD

I WANT TO BACK

BACK IN TIME

TO SIT NEAR YOU

TO LAUGH WITH YOU AGAIN

TO WALK WITH YOU AGAIN

MY DEAREST FRIENDS I MISS YOU ALL

I WANT TO BACK BUT I CAN'T SEE THE WAY BACK

I CAN'T FIND THE WAY BACK

HOW CAN I KEEP ON WHITHOUT YOU NEAR ME.

TELL ME WHAT ARE YOU DOING NOW, I WANT TO DO THAT TOO.

TELL ME WHAT ARE YOU THINKING ABOUT , I WANT TO THINK ABOUT THAT TOO.

I WANT FEEL MYSELF NEAR YOU

I WANT TO HUG YOU TIGHT AND NEVER LEAVE YOU AGAIN

TELL ME WHERE ARE YOU?

DO YOU MISSING ME?

DO YOU THINKING ABOUT ME?

Ohhhhhhhhhhhhh

I BACK IN DIARY BOOK

SEEING YOU THERE MAKES ME FEEL THAT YOU ARE SO CLOSE TO ME.

I WON'T FORGET YOU NEVER MY DEAREST FRIENDS.]]> Poetry]]> Wed, 01 Aug 2007 09:16:12 -0400 http://www.readourpapers.com/polisci/our-policy-the-cost-of-benefits.html











The United States' current foreign policy is built off of a preemptive model. Before the
enemy can lift a finger, we would have already taken combative steps to eliminate the threat at
hand, and when we hit, we hit hard. We send out humanitarian aid to countries which can bring
economic or social benefit back to our own country. We use our military strength to influence
countries to trade and set competitive prices. The United States maintains control of many of the
world's primary oil suppliers via military and economic influence. Questions we must ask ourselves
in the quest to determine if our foreign policy is ready for the 21st century include: how can our
country determine what is a true threat, and more importantly, how much benefit is achievable as a
result of a preemptive strike
The Bush preemptive policy was adopted after the Sept 11 attacks which was included in the
National Military Strategy and the National Defense Strategy reports. The NMS (National Military
Strategy) explains what could cause preemptive strike,
"For centuries, international law recognized that nations need not suffer an
attack before they can lawfully take action to defend themselves against forces
that present an imminent danger of attack. Legal scholars and international
jurists often conditioned the legitimacy of preemption on the existence of an
imminent threat-most often a visible mobilization of armies, navies, and air
forces preparing to attack." (Government, 2002).
After the September 11, 2001 attacks our enemy has transformed from countries to extremist
groups. These groups can operate almost anywhere which makes it more difficult to track down
and prevent danger to our homeland. This new enemy has come out of the dark corners of the
world in the past decade which has forced our government to take a stronger anticipatory attack
against any such beings which may be considered dangerous to our well being. One issue with
having a preemptive strategy is that we don't know the full cost of what the strike will amount to;
whether it is our social ties to other allies, economic instability of other countries, or thousands of
deaths for a cause that cannot be proved. We never know if it really benefits us because we attack
before we can be attacked. This strategy also punishes people "not for what they have done or are
doing but for what they might have done or could do" (Galeano, 2003).
Japan has been using preemptive attacks since WWII when they attack Pearl Harbor. It is
said the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor to become the dominate power, and to do so they must
weaken the United States. As in the case where Hitler attacked Poland, claiming it was only time
before Poland would send military to attack Germany.
With use of our preemptive strategy we are initiating preventive war attacks while the
enemy is weak, and uses our great military strength to scare and defeat the enemy. In a way, our
preemptive strategy is like two bodies in a knife fight except one cannot see if the enemy has
purchased a knife, but can only see him walking toward the knife store. That one body must
determine if that body is a large enough threat to create enough fear to attack before the enemy can
enter the store. There is also a trust aspect that we must look at, whether there can be level of trust
that the enemy won't use the knife to attack, or whether it's to protect from other forces. Kant
states, "Some level of trust in the enemy's way of thinking must be preserved, even in the midst of
war, for otherwise no peace can ever be concluded and the hostilities would become a war of
extermination." (Kant, 1983), this passage explains what can be the result of preemptive attacks.
The body with the knife watching the other may be paranoid with aggression and strikes first. This
body may be viewed as one who will not allow the possibility. (Crawford, 2003) Another issue at
hand is how much damage one body should cause to the other in a preemptive attack. Our
government must determine how much is at risk, what kind of threat, and how large the threat is to
our country. For example the body attacks the body going to the knife store and kills him without
trying to resolve the issue by merely working out a contract or agreement then that would be an
unethical and immoral decision.
Our past presidents have had this policy in mind while making decisions, however the policy never
became official as it has now become,
Franklin Roosevelt declared it prudent to strike a rattlesnake first, and in
October 1962 John F. Kennedy was hours away from launching a preemptive
war against communist Cuba to prevent the basing of Soviet weapons of mass
destruction there. (Busch, 2003)
Our policy must determine the difference between legitimate preemption and legitimate aggression,
doing so would help us make better decisions in the long run. Running aggression out of revenge
what many Americans wanted after the 911 attacks leaves us in a position to be in fear of the world
attacking, and then having to prove our capabilities.
Trading with our neighbors has been a practice for some time now. Our largest trade
partners Canada and Mexico which both bring hundreds of billions of dollars into the country yearly.
(Institution, 2007) The United States exported around $211 billion in 2005 which has only grown;
the U.S. has also imported a substantial amount toping at around $287 billion in 2005. Free trade
such as the trade where no taxes or barriers are in place is what our capitalist government promotes
across the world. Maintaining our current trade partners and getting new countries to trade would
be ideal. Some argue that our government would be better off not importing and not being as
dependant as are on other countries, though our government is unable to generate all of these
products at the low prices which they've purchased at.
As other countries' trade partner relationship grows, as does the country, in the case with
China's relationship with Japan, and the growth the two countries have found by merely trading
with each other more. In 2004, the trade between Japan and the U.S. was $197 Billion, which was 19
percent of the total trade for Japan. During that time china had increased their trade relationship
with Japan bumping them to $213 billion in imports and exports accounting for 20.1 percent of
Japan's total trade. (Blustein, 2005)
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is well known for their fight for free trade
establishing agreements between the U.S. and other countries to provide a swift medium for trading
without many restrictions. Smaller countries decide to accept trade agreements with the United
States just to stay in the game, to provide a boost to their economy. The boost is nothing to the
United States, if anything helps the U.S. however in many cases for the smaller countries; it causes
irreparable harm to the economy. (Office, 2003)
The United States pushes for the spread of democracy in ways that can be seen as unethical,
for example; threatening a country to change their ways and mend to ours. The use of our military is
a strength the United States has that many other countries don't. A contradiction of which the
United States takes in part of is the aid sent to a "free" Muslim country I which the country is not
truly free, nor democratic. (Haqqani, 2005) Through the belief in freedom should be given to all, our
government impedes on different countries to spread democracy, this democracy usually includes
free trade agreements and yearly aid to continue this path.
The quest for world peace will always be a journey that our society cannot seem to get to.
It's a journey which brings enlightenment as well as instability. Right now our government spends
hundreds of billions of dollars on our military budget; with just a fraction of that amount of money
we would be able to feed entire countries. Spending money on our military gives our country more
economic power, spending on countries without anything doesn't nearly benefit us as much as
spending on ourselves would, or the benefits would take too long to yield. With countries holding
billions of dollars in weapons, and a combination of fear, world peace is unlikely. The United States
continues to wage wars either directly or indirectly. The United States can influence a country to
become a war state through economic aid or lack thereof.
With a preemptive policy, our government acts then asks questions later, meaning we'll
attack before we will ever know all the details. Our current foreign policy will not work with world
peace. If the world was fair, meaning everyone had the same amount of resources, food, and money,
and then world peace would be more likely. As we cannot see that happening anytime in the future,
peace throughout the world is something we'll never see in our lifetime.
Millions have been funneled through to countries which had attacks, or disasters which left
them in need of help. Many of these countries have ties to the United States which speeds up the aid
money, and possibly increases. Groups such as the Human Rights Watch help countries and people in
need, they monitor the mainstream media and help where they can. As Bill Frelick states, "Refugees
fundamentally have the right to return to a country that expelled them. But all refugees also have the
right to make essential choices about their lives without threats and intimidation." (Nepal: US Offer
to Resettle Bhutanese Refugees Sparks Tensions, 2007) The United States is helping Bhutanese
refugees seek better homes, giving them choices of what they'd like to do. As for some, whom
haven't had choices their entire life, being told what to do and being expelled from their country.
Our current U.S. Policy doesn't give much help compared to what we could do. We give millions, but
those millions translate into a small fraction of what damage we've done some damage which
cannot be fixed.
Other organizations such as Amnesty International USA help provide food and shelter for
countries which lack such standards. These groups depend on funding from private organizations;
this is one of many organizations which fight against our government for the sake of people in
hunger and in war zone countries.
Our current policy fills the needs of which they were set, growth and stability. We seek
obtain a better style of life, along with wealth and beauty. While seeking these objects of desire our
society causes countries to fall at our government's wrath and become slaves to our quest for global
domination. As we control oil supplies as well as food and other natural resources, we obtain power,
power which isn't something that should be given up. Our capitalist government seeks profit and no
loss; loss would lead in failure which in our standards failure is not okay, although quite popular.











WORKS CITED
Blustein, P. (2005, January 27). China Passes U.S. In Trade With Japan. Retrieved April 22, 2007,
from Washington Post : http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A40192-
2005Jan26.html
Busch, A. E. (2003, October 1). Pre-Emptive Doctrine Difficult, But Not New. Retrieved May 2, 2007,
from Ashbrook Center for Public Affairs at Ashland University:
http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/oped/busch/03/preemption.html
Crawford, N. C. (2003, March). THE BEST DEFENSE . Retrieved April 16, 2007, from Boston Review:
http://www.bostonreview.net/BR28.1/crawford.html
Galeano, E. (2003, September). Make War, Not Love. Retrieved April 16, 2007, from Pax Humana:
http://www.paxhumana.info/article.php3?id_article=280
Government, U. S. (2002, September). The national Security Strategy of the United States of
America. Retrieved April 22, 2007, from The White House:
http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss.html
Haqqani, H. (2005, November 18). U.S., Muslims and Democracy. Retrieved May 12, 2007, from The
Indian Express:
http://www.carnegieendowment.org/publications/index.cfm?fa=view&id=17718&prog=zgp&proj
=zdrl,zsa,zusr
Hendren, J. (2005, March 19). Policy OKs First Strike to Protect US. Retrieved May 10, 2007, from Los
Angeles Times: http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/intervention/2005/0319firststrike.htm
Institution, H. (2007, January 2). FACTS ON POLICY: Top Trading Partners. Retrieved May 3, 2007,
from Hoover Institution : http://www.hoover.org/research/factsonpolicy/facts/4665961.html
Kant, I. (1983). Perpetual Peace and Other Essays on Politics, History and Morals. Hackett
Publishing Co.
Nepal: US Offer to Resettle Bhutanese Refugees Sparks Tensions. (2007, May 17). Retrieved May 17,
2007, from Human rights news: http://hrw.org/english/docs/2007/05/17/bhutan15936.htm
North, G. (2007, April 4). Iran's Pre-Emptive Strike. Retrieved May 3, 2007, from Lew Rockwell:
http://www.lewrockwell.com/north/north523.html
Office, C. B. (2003, July 3). The Pros and Cons of Pursuing Free-Trade Agreements. Retrieved May
12, 2007, from Congressional Budget Office:
http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdoc.cfm?index=4458&type=0&sequence=0
Rumsfeld, D. H. (2001, October 28). Remarks at Stakeout Outside ABC TV Studio.
The high price of 'free' trade. (2003, November 17). Retrieved May 11, 2007, from Economic
Policy Institute: http://www.epinet.org/content.cfm/briefingpapers_bp147]]> Polisci]]> Tue, 19 Jun 2007 01:27:38 -0400 http://www.readourpapers.com/philosophy/perpetual-motion-machines-and-the-laws-of-thermodynamics.html Newman’s claims go against what we understand to be the components of physical reality. The initial reason is revealed in the law of conservation, which states that energy cannot be either created or destroyed. Simply stated, the amount of energy produced from anything cannot exceed the amount consumed by it. Regardless of making an appeal to knowledge, Einstein’s equation in this instance, the claim cannot be concurrent with our standards of science and technology, or the laws of the universe for that matter. These claims are logically founded, yet not physically possible.
The second law of thermodynamics; The law of Entropy leads us to once again grasp at the contents of our scientific understanding of physical reality. The law of Entropy explains that when energy is used there is also a loss of energy that takes place in the process. In consideration of this law, not only will Newman’s machine (or any machine) fail to output more energy that it requires to operate, but will actually produce less energy than is processed. Thus, the claim, though logically founded, is not physically possible.
To entertain Joe Newman’s claim further and take Einstein’s equation into consideration, we are beckoned to explore the solution. The E=mc2 equation, or “The theory of special relativity” rather, unified the law of conservation of energy and the conservation of mass, thus explaining the eternal conversions from mass to energy and energy to mass. The law of conservation still applies. In order for the appeal to knowledge to be credible in this instance, the association derived from this equation would have to change the law of conservation of energy. It clearly does not, in contrast, it reinforces the law with more proof of its reality in conjunction with certain applications.
Newman’s argument claimed also that according to the Special Theory of Relativity his machine could operate within these guidelines of converting energy into mass and mass into energy by multiplying mass by the speed of light squared. The problem here being that in order for this transformation to be successful the machine would be forced to rely on its own mass to produce energy. However, according to the law of Entropy there would be an undeniable loss, or consumption. Thus, the machine would be forced to feed on its mass, which would, in turn, devour the machine and the components that make it functional, resulting in eventual or immediate failure.
The dream of free energy is appealing and our sophisticated world could greatly benefit from it, yet I’m afraid obtaining this wonder from a perpetual motion device is not physically possible. The laws of Thermodynamics clearly state there will always be a price to pay.]]> Philosophy]]> Sat, 28 Apr 2007 20:47:01 -0400 http://www.readourpapers.com/film/david.html
Recently, I have read the well received horror novel of the best selling video game, �Resident Evil�, by, Stephani Danelle Perry, �Resident Evil: The Umbrella Conspiracy�. The novel is cleverly crafted by Perry and nearly every aspect of the storyline leaves the reader either somewhat astonished or shocked. The writer�s various uses of setting, turning point, language, and characterisation is important in establishing the main theme of fear in the novel.

The novel is a terrifying tale of horror, set in an apparently secluded mansion, centred around eccentric events that have been occurring in the remote mountain community of Racoon City. Members of a special police division named STARS (Special Tactics and Rescue Squad), are asked to pursue leads they have received connecting the mansion to these strange goings-on in hope of finding out �who� is behind this. They then embark upon a journey much unexpected or prepared for as the plot unravels revealing its many twists and turns, until evil is ultimately conquered and normality is returned.

The prologue is the first area of the novel in which Perry immediately conveys her main theme of fear, effectively shown through word choice in a series of newspaper clippings describing the horrible events that have been occurring throughout Racoon City.
��Bizarre murders committed in Racoon City�, �Horror in Racoon! More victims dead.��
The articles talk of several missing persons. Striking me most forcefully was the most horrendous of which, being two little girls ages nine and seven. They had been playing in the vicinity of the local forest and then disappeared without a trace left behind them. Later their bodies were recovered eviscerated and torn to pieces. Perry uses the words �bizarre�, �horror�, and �victims�, to emphasise the dehumanizing nature of these killers, and to display the anger being stressed by the newspaper�s journalist. Instantly, fear is imposed upon the reader and illustrates the dreadfulness that the story has to offer as it shall progress. Perry then uses setting to engage the sympathy of the reader towards the characters and civilians of the city, describing the broken, run-down condition of the desolate town;
�Since the trouble had started, more and more people were keeping their children and animals indoors, even during the day.�
The repetition of the word �more� indicates a sense of anxiety between the city�s inhabitants, frightening the majority of them from leaving their homes. There are many examples of this, each laying emphasis on the deserted, ghost-town state of Racoon�s streets, indicating that it is no longer safe for anyone to be roaming around, and as stressed by Perry, �even during the day�. This deepens my understanding of the seriousness of the characters purpose, which conveyed through a board-room meeting between the central characters later on in the first chapters, wont be an easy task.

Perry tells the story through the individual eyes of each of the characters� in rotation, and are first introduced to all of the characters at once when they meet at the board-room meeting - being held to inform them of their assignment. The author crafts several characters within the first two to three chapters of the novel, no doubt to withhold any sense of isolation that the reader may develop as the story furthers and characters are separated. After being equipped and ready to be inserted into the field, the characters� are transported by helicopter into the neighboring forest of the mansion, where Perry first depicts the characters� realization of odd happenings.
�The forest was unnaturally still, the only sounds human. For the first time since they�d set down, Jill was afraid.�
The author again focuses attention on setting, underlining the intimidating atmosphere made present by the surrounding trees. Although being told from the perspective of Jill at this moment, Perry makes clear that the other members of her squad are also uncertain of what to make of their situation, once more bringing prominence to the theme of fear in the novel. Next the characters are confronted by the slaughter of one of their team-mates - killed by, what is not made clear by the author at first, but what can only be described as �zombies�. The language used by the author then changes from a slow, vague tone into an almost melodramatic, frenzied pitch as the team panic and race through the woods, not knowing what they are up against. Subsequently they draw their weapons and engage in a blind fire-fight whilst being pursued. Once the advantage is gained by the team they are able to deal with the �monsters�.
�Chris took his finger off the trigger but continued to point the handgun at the fallen creatures, ready to blow apart the first one that so much as twitched.�
Perry furthers the ambience of fear amongst the characters, showing that Chris is so shaken that he is unable to cope with what has just happened, and cannot take the creature away from his gun sight. Without doubt the most attention-grabbing aspect of the novel - is Perry�s stimulating action sequences, which create fear but also astonishment within the reader, arousing on numerous occasions throughout the novel.

The author then goes on to depict the characters� chance finding of the mansion�s whereabouts, and the outlandish change in scenery as they enter to seek refuge from the turmoil in the forest. Surprise strikes both the characters� and the reader, as the surroundings of the supposedly discarded mansion turn out to be rather incredible.
�It was a palace, pure and simple, what her father would have called a perfect score.�
Again being told from the perspective of Jill, Perry illustrates the magnificent spectacle of the mansions interior, describing it as �the epitome of lavish�. In contrast to the daunting feel of the forest outside, the mansion seems out of place and yet a sense of composure is displayed amongst the characters. The remarkable image of the mansion is sustained throughout the rest of the novel by Perry, through means of the evocative language used, wittingly creating fear and uncertainty in the reader as well as the idea of serenity. The fact that the palace was found in the middle of a forest infested with strange creatures seems bizarre and intimidating towards the characters, yet such majestic surroundings counter balance these feelings, not making clear what to think of the situation.
�Fluted wall sconces cast funnels of light across walls of cream, trimmed in oak and offset by the deep burnt ochre of the carpeting.�
Perry�s way with words again awaken many emotions within the reader, words such as �fluted�, �sconces� and �cream� give sensations of calmness, whereas words such as �offset� and �burnt�, still portray the theme of fear by hinting towards the idea of deformity. This forethought is then confirmed as the team first come face to face with their malformed enemy, and the separation and betraying of characters which follows.

Once the team had secured themselves in the building, the certainty that their surroundings weren�t entirely out of harm's way left separation inevitable, and in due course Chris Redfield was the first of the team to single-handedly encounter more of the creatures. Perry uses starling language and word choice to end the reader�s constant awe as she makes known the true horror and repulsion of what lies deeper within the mansion.
�Flaps of dried skin hung from its sunken cheeks, and the dark wells of the creature�s eye sockets glittered with hunger as it reached out with skeletal hands…�
The author changes the mood instantly to again coerce fear upon the reader, using such language which illustrates what can barely be imagined. Chilling images of a lifeless corpse and the idea of something starved and rotten hit the reader forcefully, and are left feeling to some extent betrayed by Perry�s previous words of the mansions greatness. The continuous use of imagery persists in creating nerve-racking moments in which the reader feels compelled to stop, yet carry on reading;
�…eyes wide as the twitching creature clawed at the wooden floor, pulling itself towards him in an eager, single-minded silence.�
Such vivid pictures of evil pulse fear through the reader hereafter, undeniably ending any fore-thoughts of excellence that the mansion represented. Perry continues to make matters worse by introducing betrayal amongst the characters, leading to the death of another one of their team-mates. This crops up a lot of angry frustration, ultimately leading to all remaining team members pursuing their former friend through hidden labs underneath the house, labs which had been the hidden creator of the mass murders on the surface. The team prevail in destroying the mansion and it�s labs and escape by helicopter after a long hard battle with their fate.

In conclusion, Perry manages to set the scene perfectly for an attention-grabbing thriller and is successful in producing much more. She closes the story very abruptly and we are left at the end of the novel feeling breathless, yet satisfied.

David McDaid]]> Film]]> Mon, 23 Apr 2007 14:01:42 -0400 http://www.readourpapers.com/english/oregon-sales-tax.html
Oregon has a serious problem with its state finance system. On April 7, 2007 the libraries in Jackson County, Oregon are going to shut their doors due to lack of funding. There are 5562 children signed up for summer reading programs at the Jackson County libraries who are not going to get the chance to participate in those programs any more. Pediatricians and educators have been stressing the importance of reading to babies and preschoolers. Chris Abbott, a kindergarten teacher at Walker Elementary School in Ashland, said she sees a clear difference between children who have been read to and those who have not when they start school. There is no substitute for handling a book and surely these children are going to lose precious moments that can't be replaced. (Aldous) Unfortunately, libraries aren't the only things slated for closure here in Oregon. Vicki Phillips, Superintendent of Portland Public Schools, has announced her plan to close 14 schools here in the Portland area by 2010 despite the fact that the population is increasing in Portland and class sizes are also growing. Teachers are facing classrooms overburdened with over 30 students and are unable to give each student individual attention. For the brightest children the lack of individual attention may not affect them deeply, but students that need the extra attention will certainly suffer.

The Oregon State finance system is almost entirely dependent on personal income tax which tracks directly with how well the economy is doing. When times are good the economy is booming and the coffers spill over with surplus tax dollars that get sent back to us as a kicker check. When times are bad they are really bad. The economy takes a nose dive, the unemployment rate rises and the need for state assistance grows. The income tax is dependent on a booming economy, so when the unemployment rate is up the amount of money generated is smaller. For decades elected officials in Oregon have warned the population that the state is too dependent on the state income tax. In 2002 Governor Ted Kulongoski met with business leaders here in Portland to discuss his economic recovery plan that included a plan to cut the state income tax, and implement a sales tax. Kulongoski said, "Some sort of consumption tax, such as a sales tax or gross receipts tax should be considered to help provide more stable funding for Oregon's public schools." The idea was rejected by voters in favor of a temporary patch, and despite the imposition of the 3 year Multnomah I-tax, which generated three hundred seventy five million dollars for education, the problems aren't going away. The Oregon public school system is mediocre at best, getting worse every year, and the costs for higher education are skyrocketing. There is a solution to this terribly inconsistent tax system. A sales tax would level out Oregon's revenue problems.

Imposing a 5% sales tax, and cutting the income tax down to 4% is a fairer tax structure that would be distributed across the population in the most equal way. The main argument about the fairness of a sales tax is based on people from two very different income levels making the same purchase. Joe makes $15,000.00 per year and spends $100.00. Frank makes $100,000.00 and spends $100.00. Is it fair they pay the same amount of sales tax? This is called a "regressive tax" meaning that the tax burden is unfairly distributed and unduly burdens the lowest income citizens. I agree that in this simple situation that it seems unfair to Joe to have to pay the same amount of tax on the $100.00 purchase as Frank is paying. However, simple mathematics suggests that Joe can't possibly spend the same amount as Frank annually. When Joe is seeking to buy a television, Joe's perspective of what amounts to a major home entertainment purchase is going to be totally different than Frank's. Joe is searching the Sunday paper for the latest Fryes advertisement so he can buy the 25 inch Daewoo special for $299.99 with a total sales tax of $14.99. Frank has a totally different idea as to the amount of what a major entertainment purchase would entail. Franks television isn't a Daewoo special; it's a 50 inch Plasma television with surround sound speakers from Best Buy with a purchase price of $3999.99 and a total sales tax of $199.99. The total amount of tax paid by both is fair, and distributed amongst the citizens according to their ability to pay. Ironically the current income tax structure fits the definition given by the anti-sales tax activists of a regressive tax structure. (Vedder 12) In a research brief done by the State of Oregon Legislative Revenue Office, the effective tax rate for a low income household (under $14,525 annually) is 13.1%, and the effective tax rate for a household in the highest tax bracket (over $126,173 annually) is 11.4% clearly the tax burden isn't distributed fairly as the system stands. (Oregon)

Doomsayers are quick with indictments of the sales tax proposal stating that Oregon will lose its competitive edge, and lose the ability to lure new businesses to Oregon. In the current income tax structure businesses and corporations in Oregon have a very sweet deal. The minimum business income tax is set at $10.00 annually for businesses making over $500,000.00 in profits. (Leachman) It's difficult to see the fairness in a tax system that clearly favors the top 1% of our society, corporations, and businesses that are only responsible for 10% of our states revenue. A successful and profitable business such as Nike, which brings in billions of dollars in profits, pays only $10.00 in income taxes, and a low income household pays 13.1% of their income. Imposing a sales tax would increase the state budget by a billion dollars annually, and reduce the tax burden on individuals. Ben Westlund, a Democratic Oregon state senator, said, "Under my proposed tax reform plan, every tax-paying Oregonian would get a tax cut." Westlund's proposal would distribute the tax burden more fairly; businesses would shoulder a little more of the tax burden and the average tax-payer would save $473.00 annually.(Westlund 1) There are businesses in the other 46 states that have a sales tax, and they have no problem with a competitive edge, or attracting new business to their states. Businesses are in business to make money and if there is opportunity for profit (which there is) business would still be done in Oregon. (Keating 7)

There are certainly rogue elements in our society that are currently evading the current income tax structure. Illegal aliens and under the table employment are only a small part of the problem. (Sennsholz 21) Under Governor Ted Kulongoski's current general fund budget for the 2005-2007 cycle, Governor Kulongoski calls for a 34% increase in Department of Corrections spending to $1.1 billion dollars for the current bi-ennium. Drug dealers, prostitutes, and thieves would all be taxed with the sales tax. There are no concrete numbers as to a specific amount of taxes that are evaded by these elements of society, but punishing criminals is a billion dollar industry. It would be poetic justice for criminals to pay some of the taxes to support their incarceration.

Oregon draws people from all over the world and the tourism industry generates a great deal of revenue for the state economy. However, tourists get to enjoy all the services our great state provides untaxed. Projections indicate that 190 million dollars a year would be generated by a sales tax from tourism alone. The Argument against collecting sales tax on tourism states that it would be cost prohibitive, meaning it would cost more to collect than it would generate in state revenue. Those estimates are based on the cost of retooling our system to collect a sales tax only on tourism. The argument lacks backing, if we have instated a sales tax, and are collecting the sales tax from everyone else already, how could it possibly cost more to collect another 190 million dollars? 46 States have a sales or consumption tax, and have no problems with loss of tourism. Anti-sales tax activists claim that imposing a sales tax would eliminate cross-border purchases damaging Oregon's economy. Neighboring states Washington and California have significant sales taxes, and shoppers from those states definitely evade their state sales taxes by crossing the border to shop in Oregon. There is no doubt that cross-border purchasing (tax evasi