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Flash Cards for history
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The Chain of being- Western medieval conception of the order of the universe which was a very hierarchical system. God – Angels – Humans – Beasts – fish – plants – rocks. Or Holy, animal, vegetable, mineral. Giolamo Savonarola- Was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution 1498. He was for religious reformation, anti-renaissance, book burning, destruction of art. He was against pop Alexander VI, sometimes seen as the precursor of martin Luther, he was roman catholic. He spoke out on the corruption of clergy. Was not a theologian, Christian life was that of displaying good, not carrying out displays of excessive pomp and ceremonies. When Charles VIII of France invaded France, Medici was overthrown and Savonarola became leader of the city. He set up modern democratic republic. He did huge bonfires and destroyed paintings. Bonfires of the Vanities. In 1497 youth rioted and over ruled him and went back to gambling publicly. On may 23rd 1498 he was executed for heresy and religious error by pope Alexander VI. Marsilio Ficino-One of the most influential humanist philosophers of the early Italian renaissance. He was the first translator of Plato’s complete extant works into Latin. Had a Florentine academy to attempt to revive Plato’s school, had influence on the direction and tenor of the Italian renaissance and development of European philosophy. Academy During the Florentine renaissance, Cosimo De’Medici re-established it in 1439. was cool with marsilio ficino. Cosimo was inspired by the council of Florence of Gemistos plethon who was a Plato reborn from the Florentine intellectuals. The academies were training schools for artists – from antiques and paintings. Baldassare Castiglione Renaissance author who wrote eclogue tirsi. Diplomat. Was an ambassador in Rome for mantuan dukes. the Book of the courtier was one of his most famous books published in Venice. The book defined the ideal renaissance gentleman. The great chain of being – or scala naturae, is a medieval view of the structure of the world. It is characterized by a strict system of hierarchy, starting at the bottom with the most basic element, earth/rock, and working its way up to the highest point, God. This view remained unchallenged until the time of the Copernician and Darwinian revolution, which led to the Renaissance. The order of things is unchangeable, it being impossible to move above or below other elements on the ladder. Man is the only possible exception, being both mortal and spirit, with the struggle between these two sides being morality. Mortal desires drag a person down, whereas the spirit will lift one closer to God. Plenitude – a principle that states “everything that can happen will happen.” This philosophic principle was first discussed by Arthur Lovejoy, pointing to Aristotle who said no possibilities which remain eternally possible will go unrealized. From Christian Theology and beyond, there were a variety of opinions, some holding: that God had the power to reject the principle by choosing what to create and what not to create, the best of all possible worlds will contain all possibilities, and that nature will become as complete as it possibly can be. Scholasticism – a method of learning taught by medieval universities (110-1500). Originally began to settle the differences between ancient classical philosophers with medieval Christian theology. Scholasticism is not a philosophy or theology, but a method for learning that emphasizes logical reasoning. Its main purpose was to find the answer to a question or resolve a contradiction. While it is most known in medieval theology, it was eventually applied to classical philosophy and other fields of study. The Italian renaissance – a period of great cultural change and achievement in Europe that began in Tuscany, from the end of the 1500s to 1600, it marked the transition between Medieval and Early Modern Europe. The Italian Renaissance peaked in the late 15th century as invasions and wars brought turmoil. The word renaissance means “rebirth,” this period is best known for a retuned interest in the culture of antiquity following the Dark Ages. While the changes were significant, most of the effects were in the upper classes, and the vast majority of the population did not experience any changes. Dante Alighieri – born June 1, 1265, was an Italian Florentine poet. His greatest work “The Divine Comedy,” is considered the greatest literary statement produced in Europe during the Middle Ages. He was a leader of dolce stil novo (the sweet new style). He faught in the battle of campaldino with Florentine Guelf knoights against Arezzo Ghibellines. He was sent into death, which was a form of death. He always beleieved that he would be invited back to forence with honorable terms. He had many problems with pop Boniface VIII since Boniface wanted military occupation of Florence. He lost power with the whie Guelfs, which were taken over by the black guelfs. The divine comedy is dante’s journey through hell, purgatory, and paradise. The Spanish inquisition – was established in 1478 by Ferdinand and Isabella to maintain Catholic orthodoxy in their kingdoms. The Spanish Monarchy directly controlled the inquisition, and remained until 1834, when it was abolished under the reign of Isabel II. Petrarch Was an Italian scholar, poet and a humanist, him and dante are considered the fathers of the renaissance. His father Ser Petracco was exiled from Florence in 1302 like dante by the black Guelphs. He was crowned poet laureate in rome, first since antiquity. He was credited on creating the concept of the Dark Ages. He is best known for the Canzoniere and the Trionfi. Petrarch, more than any other man, is credited with inspiring the humanist philosophy which led to the intellectual flowering of the Renaissance. He believed in the immense moral and practical value of the study of ancient history and literature - that is, the study of human thought and action. While humanism later became associated with secularism, Petrarch was a devout Christian and did not see a conflict between realizing humanity's potential and having religious faith. A highly introspective I politician and thinker Leonardo Bruni argued for the active life, or "civic humanism." The result was that a surprising number of political, military, and religious leaders during the Renaissance were inculcated with the notion that their pursuit of personal glory should be grounded in classical example and philosophical contemplation. ----he was called the father of humanism. He inspired through his love for classical learning. He demonstrates self consciousness of the modern outlook. He was devoted to Christianity. Leonardo Bruni Leading humanist, historian. In the reading of “History of His Own Times in Italy’ he expresses the humanist love for ancient Greek literature and language. buni outlines the basic course of studies that the humanists recommend as the best preparation for a life of wisdom and virtue. Battle of lepanto naval battle between Christian allies – Venice, the pope, and Spain, and the Ottoman Turks. The Ottomans were trying to attain the Venetian island of Cyprus, but failed four hours into the fight, as the Christian forces won the battle and captured thousands of men. The battle itself was very significant, heavily impacting European morale, as seen in painting by Titian, Tintoretto, and Veronese. Unfortunately, Venice surrendered Cyprus to the Turks two years later. The thirty years war was fought between 1618 and 1648, though its impact continued for more than 300 years after its end. The war was fought on what is now know as German soil, involving most of the major European countries. What began as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics, the power struggles between the Habsburg dynasty and others was also a key factor. The Peace of Augstburg signed in 1555 stated that German Princes were allowed to choose which religion they wanted for their realms, deciding between Lutheranism and Catholicism. With the various political and economic tensions growing between many of the powerful European nations in the early 1600s, adding the spread of Calvinism to this made matters worse. Famine and disease sparked by the war were devastating, with the total civilian casualties estimated at 20% of the entire German population. The war came to a close with the Peace of Westphalia, though the effects continued for hundreds of years after. peter the great of Russia born on the 9th of June 1972 and died Februrary 8th 1725, Peter the Great ruled Russia from May 7th 1682 until his death. Peter believed in a policy of “Westernization” and expansion, transforming the Muscovite Russian into a major European power. Following the Great Northern War between Russian and Sweden, Peter’s last years were spent on further reforms in Russia. He also reformed the government of the Orthodox Church, created a new order of precedence, replacing the old system of determining precedence by birth with one determined by service to the Emperor. After peace was made with Sweden, he was declared “Emperor of All Russia,” the title of “Emperor” making other European monarchs nervous. His imperial title was recognized by Poland, Prussia, and Sweden, but the other European countries saw this as a threat, that his title of Emperor might cause him to claim authority over them. With Peter’s death followed his wife Catherine’s succession, for he had failed to choose his successor before his died of bladder problems in 1725. charles I of England born November 19th 1600 and died January 30th 1649, Charles was the King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1625 until his death. His struggle for power with the Parliament of England was watched by all, and his support of the Divine Right of Kings led many to fear that he was attempting to gain absolute power. Many of his actions produced widespread opposition, especially levying taxes without parliament’s approval. His reign was full of religious conflicts, his choosing a Catholic wife causing problems as well. His downfall was aided by his attempts to force religious reforms upon Scotland, leading to a war that weakened England and helped quicken his downfall. The end of Charle’s rule was marked by the English Civil War, with him against the forces of Parliament, who stood up against his attempts to increase his power, and the Puritans, who disagreed with his religious policies and “catholic sympathy”. The civil war ended not only in his defeat, but his trial, conviction and execution. With this act the monarchy was overthrown and a commonwealth put in its place, unfortunately turning into a military dictatorship as increased dependence upon the army arose. James I of england/james VI, Scotland born june 1566 and died 1625, James was the King of England, King of Scots, and King of Ireland, and the first to hold the title of “King of Great Britain.” He first ruled in Scotland until 1567 and after the “Union of Crowns” reigned in England and Ireland from 1603 until his death. James was the first monarch of England from the House of Stuart, following Elizabeth I, the last Tudor monarch. While James was a successful ruler in Scotland, the opposite was true of his rule over England. He could not control a hostile Parliament and the House of Commons’ refusal to place higher taxes seriously hurt royal finances. His actions set the stage for the English Civil War, the reasons being his use of political absolutism, mismanagement of the kingdom’s funds and his bringing up of unpopular favorites. Despite all of this, the governments of England and Scotland were relatively stable during James’ own life. He is considered one of the most intellectual and learned persons ever to sit on the English or Scottish thrones, and under him much of the cultural flourishing of Elizabethan England continued- and science, literature and art, grew by great amounts during his rule. archbishop william laud born 1573 and died 1645, William was the Archbishop of Canterbury and a firm supporter of King Charles I of England, who he encouraged to believe in divine right. Several reasons led to his beheading during the English Civil War, particularly his support for Charles, persecution of opposing views, and belief in absolute monarchy. The northern renaissance -- The renaissance in northern Europe, Europe outside of Italy. Before 1500, the Italian renaissance had no influence outside Italy. After 1500 Renaissance spread around Europe, but Late Gothic influences remained present until the arrival of Baroque. King Francis I importuned Italian art and built grand palaces at great expense beginning the France renaissance. Tons of art, age of discovery, invention of caravel, a ship, which created good trade with other countries.
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